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Ranking of liturgical days in the Roman Rite serves two purposes. The rank indicates some particular points about the manner of celebrating the day: for instance, the Mass of a Solemnity will include recitation of ''Gloria in Excelsis'' and Creed, that of what is now called in a specific technical sense a Feast will have ''Gloria'' but not Creed. and a Memorial will have neither. The other purpose is to determine which Mass is to be said when two feasts coincide (or "occur") on the one day, as well as when a feast falls on a Sunday or certain other privileged days. Each day in the Catholic liturgical calendar has a rank. The five basic ranks are as follows: * Solemnity—the highest ranking feast day. It commemorates an event in the life of Jesus or Mary or celebrates a saint important for the Church as a whole or for the local community. The Mass of a solemnity has proper readings, and the Gloria and Creed are recited. Outside of Advent, Lent and Eastertide, if a solemnity falls on a Sunday, it is celebrated in place of the Sunday. * Feast—the rank of secondary liturgical days including lesser events in the life of Jesus, Mary or an Apostle (theologically speaking) or for major saints. * Memorial—the commemoration of a saint of lesser importance. Many memorials are optional or only observed in specific dioceses, regions or nations. * Seasonal Weekday—a weekday in a "strong" liturgical season (Advent, Christmas Season, Lent, Easter Season) on which no solemnity, feast, or memorial is observed. * Feria or Ferial Weekday—a weekday in ordinary time on which no solemnity, feast or memorial is observed. ==Feast days== The ranking of feast days of saints and of Christian mysteries such as the Ascension of the Lord, which had grown from an original division between doubles and simples〔(Catholic Encyclopedia, s.v. ''Christian Calendar'' )〕 developed into a more complicated hierarchy of ''Simple'', ''Semidouble'', and ''Double'', with feast days of the Double Rite further divided into ''Double of the I Class'', ''Double of the II Class'', ''Greater Double'' or ''Major Double'', and ''Double'', in order of descending rank. What the original meaning of the term "double" may have been is not entirely certain. Some think that the greater festivals were thus styled because the antiphons before and after the psalms were "doubled", i.e. twice repeated entire on these days. Others, with more probability, point to the fact that before the ninth century in certain places, for example at Rome, it was customary on the greater feast days to recite two sets of Matins, the one of the feria or week-day, the other of the festival. Hence such days were known as "doubles".〔 The Catholic Encyclopedia of 1907 shows the incremental crowding of the calendar with the following table based on the official revisions of the Roman Breviary in 1568,〔For more information on this calendar of Pope Saint Pius V, see Tridentine Calendar.〕 1602, 1631 and 1882, and on the situation in 1907. In 1907, when, in accordance with the rules in force since the time of Pope Pius V, feast days of any form of double, if impeded by "occurrence" (falling on the same day)〔(Catholic Encyclopedia, s.v. Occurrence (in liturgy) )〕 with a feast day of higher class, were transferred to another day, this classification of feast days was of great practical importance for deciding which feast day to celebrate on any particular day. Pope Pius X simplified matters considerably in his 1911 reform of the Roman Breviary. In the case of occurrence the lower-ranking feast day could become a commemoration within the celebration of the higher-ranking one. Further retouches were made by Pope Pius XII in 1955,〔General Roman Calendar of Pope Pius XII〕 Pope John XXIII in 1960,〔General Roman Calendar of 1960〕 and Pope Paul VI in 1969.〔General Roman Calendar of 1969〕 On ferias and many feast days of simple rank, the celebrant was permitted to substitute a Mass of his own choice such as a votive Mass, or a Mass for the dead. Before the reform of Pope St Pius X in 1911, ordinary Doubles took precedence over most of the semidouble Sundays, resulting in many of the Sunday Masses rarely being said. While retaining the semidouble rite for Sundays, the reform permitted only the most important feast days to be celebrated on Sunday, although commemorations were still made until the reform of 1960. The division into doubles (of various kinds) semidoubles and simples continued until 1955, when Pope Pius XII abolished the rank of semidouble, making all the previous semidoubles simples, and reducing the previous simples to a mere commemoration in the Mass of another feast day or of the feria on which they fell. Then, in 1960, Pope John XXIII completely ended the ranking of feast days by doubles etc., replacing it by a ranking, applied not only to feast days but to all liturgical days, as I, II, III, and IV class days. The 1969 revision by Pope Paul VI divided feast days into "solemnities", "feasts" and "memorials", corresponding approximately to Pope John XXIII's I, II and III class feast days. Commemorations were abolished both as a rank of liturgical day and as the addition of a second presidential prayers after the day's Collect,〔GIRM 54〕 Prayer over the Offerings,〔GIRM 77〕 and Prayer after Communion〔GIRM 89〕 at Mass.〔Note: On the weekdays of Advent from 17 to 24 December, on days within the Octave of Christmas, and on the weekdays of Lent, except Ash Wednesday and Holy Week, the Mass texts for the current liturgical day are used, but the Collect, not the other two presidential prayers, may be taken from a Memorial which happens to be listed in the General Calendar for that day (GIRM 355).〕 While some of the memorials are considered obligatory, others are optional, permitting a choice on some days between two or three memorials, or between one or more memorials and the celebration of the feria. On a day to which no obligatory celebration is assigned, the Mass may be of any saint mentioned in the Roman Martyrology for that day.〔(General Instruction of the Roman Missal ), 355 c〕 This allows priests more flexibility in their celebration of mass, since they are now permitted to choose between the memorial masses of saints on most days of the year. Before the reforms there was always only one memorial and one text for mass per day, with lesser saints' days being merely commemorated, their own separate masses having frequently fallen into disuse and only the collect, secret and postcommunion remaining in the missal. The developments in the ranking of feasts according to the Roman Breviary's calendar can be summarised thus: 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ranking of liturgical days in the Roman Rite」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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